Abstracts ASN Report 2019

ķļĹĹļĶňĿŇŌ ļŁׇĶłŁķňĶŇļŁĺ ŇĻĸņĸ ņňŅʼnĸŌņ łŅ ļŁ ŅĸĴĶĻļŁĺ Ĵ ĶłŁʼnļŁĶļŁĺ conclusion when the illness is slow to appear or when the expected number of cases is low, as is the case in particular with low exposure levels of a few tens of millisieverts (mSv), must be borne in mind. Cohorts such as that of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have clearly shown an excess of cancers, with the average exposure being about 200 mSv; studies on nuclear industry workers published in recent years suggest risks of cancer at lower doses (cumulative doses over several years). These results support the justification of radiation protection of populations exposed to low doses of ionising radiation (nuclear industry workers, medical personnel, medical exposure for diagnostic purposes, etc.). When there are no data on the impact of low doses on the occurrence of a cancer, estimates are provided by making linear no-threshold extrapolations of the observed effects described for high doses. These models give estimations of the risks run during exposure to low doses of ionising radiation, which nevertheless remain scientifically controversial. Studies on very large populations are currently underway to develop these models. On the basis of the scientific syntheses of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has published the risk coefficients for death by cancer due to ionising radiation, i.e. 4.1% excess risk per sievert (Sv) for workers and 5.5% per sievert for the general public Ҏņĸĸׇ ŃňĵĿļĶĴŇļłŁ ӄӃӆҏє The evaluation of the risk of lung cancer due to radon (3) is based on a large number of epidemiological studies conducted ķļŅĸĶŇĿŌ ļŁ ŇĻĸ Ļłŀĸ ļŁ ŅĴŁĶĸ ĴŁķ łŁ ĴŁ ļŁŇĸŅŁĴŇļłŁĴĿ ņĶĴĿĸє These studies have revealed a linear relationship, even at low exposure levels –200 Bq/m 3 (becquerels per cubic metre)– over a ŃĸŅļłķ łĹ ӅӃׇŇł ӆӃׇŌĸĴŅņє Ļĸ łŅĿķ ĸĴĿŇĻ ŅĺĴŁļņĴŇļłŁ Ҏ ҏ has made a synthesis of the studies and recommends maximum ĴŁŁňĴĿ ĸŋŃłņňŅĸ ĿĸʼnĸĿņ łĹ ĵĸŇŊĸĸŁ ӄӃӃׇĴŁķ ӆӃӃׇ ńѼŀ 3 ׇĹłŅ ŇĻĸ 3. Radon is a natural radioactive gas, a progeny product of uranium and thorium, an emitter of alpha particles and has been classified as a known human pulmonary carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) since 1987. ĺĸŁĸŅĴĿ ŃňĵĿļĶє ŃňĵĿļĶĴŇļłŁ ӄӄӈׇĶłŀŃĴŅĸķ ŇĻĸ Ņļņľņ łĹ ĿňŁĺ cancer observed through studies on uranium miners with those observed in the overall population and concluded that there was a very good correlation between the risks observed in these two conditions of exposure to radon. The ICRP recommendations consolidate those issued by the WHO which considers that radon constitutes the second-highest risk factor in lung cancer, coming ĹĴŅ ĵĸĻļŁķ ŇłĵĴĶĶłє ňŅŇĻĸŅŀłŅĸё ĹłŅ ĺļʼnĸŁ ĿĸʼnĸĿņ łĹ ĸŋŃłņňŅĸ Ňł radon, the risk of lung cancer is much higher in smokers: three quarters of the deaths by lung cancer that can be attributed to radon reportedly occur in smokers. Ł ŀĸŇŅłŃłĿļŇĴŁ ŅĴŁĶĸё ĴĵłňŇ ӄӅׇŀļĿĿļłŁ ŃĸłŃĿĸ ņŃŅĸĴķ łʼnĸŅ ņłŀĸ ӊёӃӃӃׇŀňŁļĶļŃĴĿļŇļĸņ ĴŅĸ ŃłŇĸŁŇļĴĿĿŌ ĸŋŃłņĸķ Ňł ĻļĺĻ ŅĴķłŁ concentrations. According to the national Public Health Agency Ҏ і ӅӃӄӋҏё ĴŁ ĸņŇļŀĴŇĸķ ӇёӃӃӃׇŁĸŊ ĶĴņĸņ łĹ ĿňŁĺ ĶĴŁĶĸŅ ĴŅĸ ĶĴňņĸķ ĵŌ ŅĴķłŁ ļŁ ŀĸŇŅłŃłĿļŇĴŁ ŅĴŁĶĸ ĸĴĶĻ ŌĸĴŅё ĹĴŅ ĵĸĻļŁķ ŇĻĸ ŁňŀĵĸŅ ķňĸ Ňł ŇłĵĴĶĶł ҎŁĸĴŅĿŌ ӉӌёӃӃӃҏє ŁĴŇļłŁĴĿ ŃĿĴŁ ĹłŅ managing radon-related risks has been implemented since 2004 on ŇĻĸ ļŁļŇļĴŇļʼnĸ łĹ ĴŁķ ļņ ňŃķĴŇĸķ ŃĸŅļłķļĶĴĿĿŌ ҎņĸĸׇŃłļŁŇׇӆєӅєӅҏє ׏ِ ב ³ƬǣƺȇɎǣǔǣƬ ɖȇƬƺȸɎƏǣȇɎǣƺɀ ƏȇƳ ɮǣǕǣǼƏȇƬƺ The action taken in the fields of nuclear safety and radiation protection to prevent accidents and limit detrimental effects ĻĴņ Ŀĸķ Ňł Ĵ ŅĸķňĶŇļłŁ ļŁ Ņļņľņ ĵňŇ ŁłŇ Ňł ōĸŅł Ņļņľё ŊĻĸŇĻĸŅ ļŁ terms of the doses received by workers or those associated with discharges and releases from Basic Nuclear Installations (BNIs). Many uncertainties persist; they induce ASN to remain attentive to the results of scientific work in progress in radiobiology and radiopathology for example, with possible consequences for radiation protection, particularly with regard to management of risks associated with low doses. One can mention, for example, several areas of uncertainty concerning radiosensitivity, the effects of low doses according to age, the existence of signatures (specific mutations of DNA) that could be observed in radiation-induced cancers and certain non-cancerous diseases observed after radiotherapy. Áǝƺ ȸƺƬȒȅȅƺȇƳƏɎǣȒȇɀ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ XȇɎƺȸȇƏɎǣȒȇƏǼ !ȒȅȅǣɀɀǣȒȇ Ȓȇ «ƏƳǣȒǼȒǕǣƬƏǼ ¨ȸȒɎƺƬɎǣȒȇ ٢X!«¨٣ The ICRP, which published new recommendations for the calculation of effective and equivalent doses (publication 103) in 2007, is gradually updating the values of the effective dose coefficients for internal ƏȇƳ ژ ƺɴɎƺȸȇƏǼ ƺɴȵȒɀɖȸƺِ XɎɀ ȵɖƫǼǣƬƏɎǣȒȇ ׏ ژוב ٢ א ׎׏ ו ٣ً ƺȇɎǣɎǼƺƳ ٹژ …ƬƬɖȵƏɎǣȒȇƏǼ ǣȇɎƏǸƺɀ Ȓǔ ȸƏƳǣȒȇɖƬǼǣƳƺɀ چ ¨ƏȸɎ ڳ ׬ ”, concerns fourteen radionuclides, including radon. The doses delivered by radon and its progeny depend on many parameters (variability of exposure situations, individuals, etc.). The preceding dose coefficients recommended by Ɏǝƺ X!«¨ ٢ȵɖƫǼǣƬƏɎǣȒȇ ٫ژדה ׏ בחח ٣ ǔȒȸ ƺɴȵȒɀɖȸƺ ɎȒ ȸƏƳȒȇ and its progeny were based on an epidemiological ƏȵȵȸȒƏƬǝِ X!«¨ ȵɖƫǼǣƬƏɎǣȒȇ ׏׏ ژד ٢ א ׎׏׎٣ ɖȵƳƏɎƺƳ Ɏǝƺ ȸǣɀǸ Ȓǔ lung cancer associated with radon exposure on the basis of new epidemiological studies. The ICRP had concluded that the risk of death from lung cancer in adults having been chronically exposed to low concentrations of radon was nearly two times higher than that estimated on the basis of the knowledge available in 1993. The dose coefficients for radon taken from ICRP ȵɖƫǼǣƬƏɎǣȒȇ ׏ ژוב ٢ א ׎׏ ו ٣ Əȸƺ ƫƏɀƺƳ Ȓȇ Ə ƳȒɀǣȅƺɎȸǣƬ approach, in the same way as for the other radionuclides. For an equal given level of exposure to radon and its progeny, they lead to a significant increase in the annual effective dose received by workers exposed to radon (nearly two times higher). In view of these developments and pending the updating of the regulations (*) to revise the dose coefficients applicable for radon and its progeny, ³z ژ ǝƏɀ ƬƏǼǼƺƳ ɖȵȒȇ Ɏǝƺ ƳɮǣɀȒȸɵ !ȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƺ for Radiation Protection in Industrial and Research Applications of Ionising Radiation and for the Environment (GPRADE) to identify the difficulties that could arise from application Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ȇƺɯ X!«¨ ƬȒƺǔǔǣƬǣƺȇɎɀ ٢ȵɖƫǼǣƬƏɎǣȒȇ ژ ׏ אژٮژוב ׎׏ ו ٣ِ The GPRADE report is expected in 2020. ١ …ڴ ȸƳƺȸ Ȓǔ ڳת ³ƺȵɎƺȅƫƺȸ ׫ שש ׬ ڳ Ƴƺ˾ȇǣȇǕ Ɏǝƺ ȅƺɎǝȒƳɀ for calculating effective doses and equivalent doses ȸƺɀɖǼɎǣȇǕ ǔȸȒȅ ǝɖȅƏȇ ƺɴȵȒɀɖȸƺ ɎȒ ǣȒȇǣɀǣȇǕ ȸƏƳǣƏɎǣȒȇ٫ 100 ASN Report on the state of nuclear safety and radiation protection in France in 2019 ׎׏ ٲ NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES: IONISING RADIATION AND HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS