Abstracts ASN Report 2019

׬٫ ڲ Monitoring exposure to ionising radiation Given the difficulty in attributing a cancer solely to the ionising radiation risk factor, “risk monitoring” to prevent cancers in the population is performed by measuring ambient radioactivity indicators (measurement of dose rates, for example), internal contamination or, failing this, by measuring values (activities in radioactive effluent discharges) which can then be used –by modelling and calculation– to estimate the doses received by the exposed populations. Ļĸ ĸŁŇļŅĸ ŃłŃňĿĴŇļłŁ łĹ ŅĴŁĶĸ ļņ ĸŋŃłņĸķ Ňł ļłŁļņļŁĺ ŅĴķļĴŇļłŁ of natural or anthropogenic origin, but to different extents across ŇĻĸ ĶłňŁŇŅŌє Ļĸ ĴʼnĸŅĴĺĸ ĸŋŃłņňŅĸ łĹ ŇĻĸ ŅĸŁĶĻ ŃłŃňĿĴŇļłŁ ļņ ĸņŇļŀĴŇĸķ ĴŇ Ӈєӈ ŀ ʼn ŃĸŅ ŃĸŅņłŁ ŃĸŅ ŌĸĴŅ Ҏņĸĸ ļĴĺŅĴŀׇӄҏё ĵňŇ ŇĻļņ exposure is subject to wide individual variability, particularly depending on the place of residence and the number of radiological examinations received (source: IRSN 2015). The average annual individual effective dose can thus vary by a factor łĹ ňŃ Ňł ӈׇķĸŃĸŁķļŁĺ łŁ ŇĻĸ département є ļĴĺŅĴŀ ӄׇŅĸŃŅĸņĸŁŇņ ĴŁ estimate of the respective contributions of the various sources of ĸŋŃłņňŅĸ Ňł ļłŁļņļŁĺ ŅĴķļĴŇļłŁ ĹłŅ ŇĻĸ ŅĸŁĶĻ ŃłŃňĿĴŇļłŁє These data are however still too imprecise to allow identification of the most exposed categories or groups of individuals for each exposure source category with the exception of the radon risk. ב ِ׏ (Ȓɀƺɀ ȸƺƬƺǣɮƺƳ ƫɵ ɯȒȸǸƺȸɀ ב ِ׏ِ׏ xȒȇǣɎȒȸǣȇǕ Ɏǝƺ ƺɴȵȒɀɖȸƺ Ȓǔ ȵƺȸɀȒȇɀ ɯȒȸǸǣȇǕ ǣȇ ȇɖƬǼƺƏȸ ǔƏƬǣǼǣɎǣƺɀ The system for monitoring the external exposure of persons liable to be exposed to ionising radiation, working in BNIs or in small-scale nuclear facilities, has been in place for several decades. This system is based primarily on the mandatory wearing of passive dosimeters for workers liable to be exposed and enables compliance with the regulatory limits applicable to workers to be checked. These limits concern the total exposure ҎņļŁĶĸׇӅӃӃӆё ŇĻĸ ĴŁŁňĴĿ ĿļŀļŇ ĸŋŃŅĸņņĸķ ļŁ ŇĸŅŀņ łĹ ĸĹĹĸĶŇļʼnĸ ķłņĸ ĻĴņ ĵĸĸŁ ӅӃ ŀ ʼn ĹłŅ ӄӅׇĶłŁņĸĶňŇļʼnĸ ŀłŁŇĻņҏё łĵŇĴļŁĸķ ĵŌ adding the dose due to external exposure to that resulting from any internal contamination; other limits, called equivalent dose limits, are defined for the external exposure of certain parts of the body such as the hands and the lens of the eye (see “References” heading on asn.fr ). The recorded data allow the identification of the cumulative exposure dose for a given period (month or quarter) for each person working in nuclear facilities, including workers from sub- ĶłŁŇŅĴĶŇłŅ ĶłŀŃĴŁļĸņє ĻĸŌ ĴŅĸ ĺŅłňŃĸķ ŇłĺĸŇĻĸŅ ļŁ łŁļōļŁĺ Radiation Exposure Monitoring Information System (Siseri) managed by IRSN and are published annually. The results of worker exposure to ionising radiation presented ĵĸĿłŊ ĴŅĸ ŇĴľĸŁ ĹŅłŀ ŇĻĸ ӅӃӄӋׇĴņņĸņņŀĸŁŇ łĹ łĶĶňŃĴŇļłŁĴĿ ĸŋŃłņňŅĸ Ňł ļłŁļņļŁĺ ŅĴķļĴŇļłŁ ļŁ ŅĴŁĶĸє Ņłŀ ŇĻĸ ŀĸŇĻłķłĿłĺļĶĴĿ ĴņŃĸĶŇё ŇĻĸ ĴņņĸņņŀĸŁŇ ĹłŅ ӅӃӄӊׇļŁŇŅłķňĶĸķ Ĵ ņļĺŁļĹļĶĴŁŇ change. This is because in the preceding years the assessment was produced exclusively by aggregating the annual summaries ŅĸńňĸņŇĸķ łĹ ŇĻĸ ķłņļŀĸŇŅŌ łŅĺĴŁļņĴŇļłŁņє ņ ļŁ ӅӃӄӊё ŇĻĸׇӅӃӄӋׇ assessment of external exposure was obtained exclusively from the data on individual monitoring of the external exposure of workers ŅĸĶłŅķĸķ ļŁ ļņĸŅļє łŁņĸńňĸŁŇĿŌё ŇĻĸ ӅӃӄӋׇĴŁķ ӅӃӄӊׇŅĸņňĿŇņ ĴŅĸ not directly comparable with those published in the preceding reports. Nevertheless, for comparison purposes, the results ĹłŅׇӅӃӄӈ ĴŁķ ӅӃӄӉׇĻĴʼnĸ ĵĸĸŁ ŅĸŇŅłĴĶŇļʼnĸĿŌ ŅĸĴņņĸņņĸķ ĴŃŃĿŌļŁĺ the new methodological approach (see Table 3). ĴĵĿĸņ ӄׇĴŁķ ӅׇŃŅĸņĸŁŇё ŃĸŅ ĴŅĸĴ łĹ ĴĶŇļʼnļŇŌ ĴŁķ ĹłŅ ŇĻĸ ŌĸĴŅ ӅӃӄӋё a breakdown of the populations monitored, the collective dose (the collective dose is the sum of the individual doses received by a given group of persons) and the number of times the annual limit of 20 mSv was exceeded. They clearly show a significant disparity in the breakdown of doses depending on the sector. łŅ ĸŋĴŀŃĿĸё ŇĻĸ ŀĸķļĶĴĿ ĴŁķ ʼnĸŇĸŅļŁĴŅŌ ĴĶŇļʼnļŇļĸņ ņĸĶŇłŅё ŊĻļĶĻ comprises a significant share of the population monitored (61%), accounts for only 17% of the collective dose; on the other hand, the nuclear industry, which represents just 24% of the headcount, accounts for 75% of the collective dose. The industrial sector, which represents 4.3% of the headcount, accounts for 4.7% of the collective dose. ĴĵĿĸ ӆׇņĻłŊņ ŇĻĴŇ ŇĻĸ ŇłŇĴĿ ŁňŀĵĸŅ łĹ ŊłŅľĸŅņ ŀłŁļŇłŅĸķ ĵŌ external passive dosimetry has increased by about 1% per year ņļŁĶĸ ӅӃӄӈׇҎӄєӈՌ ĵĸŇŊĸĸŁ ӅӃӄӊׇĴŁķ ӅӃӄӋҏє Ł ӅӃӄӋё ŇĻĸ ĶłĿĿĸĶŇļʼnĸ ķłņĸ ŅĸĴĶĻĸķ ӈӈєӅӇׇŀĴŁі ʼnё Ĵ ʼnĴĿňĸ ŇĻĴŇ is slightly higher (3.2%) than in 2017, whereas the average dose increased by 11%. These increases are primarily linked to the increase in the amount of maintenance work in the nuclear sector. Ł ӅӃӄӋё ӄӃׇĶĴņĸņ ĸŋĶĸĸķļŁĺ ŇĻĸ ŅĸĺňĿĴŇłŅŌ ĸĹĹĸĶŇļʼnĸ ķłņĸ ĿļŀļŇ łĹ ӅӃׇŀ ʼn ŊĸŅĸ ŅĸĺļņŇĸŅĸķ Ҏņĸĸ ļĴĺŅĴŀ Ӆҏє ļĺĻŇ łĹ ŇĻĸŀ ĶłŁĶĸŅŁĸķ ŃŅłĹĸņņļłŁĴĿņ ļŁ ŇĻĸ ŀĸķļĶĴĿ ņĸĶŇłŅё ŊĻļĿĸ ŇĻĸ łŇĻĸŅ ӅׇĶłŁĶĸŅŁĸķ workers in the non-nuclear industry sector. It should nevertheless ĵĸ ŁłŇĸķ ŇĻĴŇ łňŇ łĹ ŇĻĸņĸ ӄӃׇĶĴņĸņ łĹ ĸŋĶĸĸķļŁĺ ŇĻĸ ĸĹĹĸĶŇļʼnĸ ķłņĸ ĿļŀļŇё ӋׇŊĸŅĸ ľĸŃŇ ĵŌ ķĸĹĴňĿŇ Ĵņ ŇĻĸŅĸ ŊĴņ Łł ĹĸĸķĵĴĶľ ĹŅłŀ the occupational physician on the conclusions of the inquiry. With regard to the dosimetry of the extremities (fingers and wrist), ӅӊёӉӅӊׇŊłŅľĸŅņ ŊĸŅĸ ŀłŁļŇłŅĸķ ļŁ ӅӃӄӋׇҎļєĸє ӋՌ łĹ ŇĻĸ ŇłŇĴĿ ŁňŀĵĸŅ of persons monitored). Out of all the persons monitored, there were three cases where the regulatory equivalent dose limit at the extremities of 500 mSv was exceeded, all in the medical sector ҎӅׇļŁ ļŁŇĸŅʼnĸŁŇļłŁĴĿ ŅĴķļłĿłĺŌ ŊļŇĻ Ĵ ŀĴŋļŀňŀ ŅĸĶłŅķĸķ ʼnĴĿňĸ łĹ ӊӈӇׇŀ ʼn ĴŁķ ӄׇļŁ ŁňĶĿĸĴŅ ŀĸķļĶļŁĸҏє 0.02 Others (BNI discharges, fallout from atmospheric testing) 0.6 Telluric radiation 1.6 Medical 1.4 Radon TOTAL 4.5 mSv/year 0.6 Water and foodstuffs 0.3 Cosmic radiation (X J« x ژ ׏ Average exposure of the French population to ionising radiation (mSv/year) (*) * This diagram does not include the data published ǣȇ X!«¨ ׏ ژוה Ȓǔ hƏȇɖƏȸɵ א ׎׏ ז ِ Source: IRSN 2015. ASN Report on the state of nuclear safety and radiation protection in France in 2019 105 ׎׏ ٲ NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES: IONISING RADIATION AND HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS 01