Abstracts ASN Report 2019

Consequently, the discharged activity levels and the short half- life of the radionuclides discharged in gaseous effluents mean there is no significant impact on the public or the environment. ASN, jointly with IRSN, is continuing a study they began in ӅӃӄӉׇłŁ ŇĻĸ ĺĴņĸłňņ ķļņĶĻĴŅĺĸņ ļŁŇł ŇĻĸ ĸŁʼnļŅłŁŀĸŁŇ ĹŅłŀ ŇĻĸņĸ facilities. The conclusions of the first step which involved both IRSN and the licensees, served to establish general principles łŁ ŀĴŁĴĺļŁĺ ĺĴņĸłňņ ĸĹĹĿňĸŁŇ ķļņĶĻĴŅĺĸņ ļŁ ӅӃӄӋё ŇĻĸ ľĸŌ ŃłļŁŇņ of which will be taken up in a draft regulatory text (see below). Alongside this, new assessments of the impacts of discharges from the facilities situated near residential areas have been carried out using modelling tools that are better suited to near-field studies. Ļļņ ŊłŅľ ŊļĿĿ ĵĸ ĶłŁŇļŁňĸķ ļŁ ӅӃӅӃׇĴŁķ ŇĻĸ ĶłŀļŁĺ ŌĸĴŅņё ļŁ accordance with a workload plan established by ASN and IRSN. ASN performs about ten inspections at facilities of this type each ŌĸĴŅ ҎӄӆׇļŁ ӅӃӄӌҏє ņŃĸĶŇņ ŅĸĿĴŇļŁĺ Ňł ŅĴķļĴŇļłŁ ŃŅłŇĸĶŇļłŁ ĴŁķ ņĴĹĸ and correct operation of cyclotrons and production platforms receive particular attention during the inspections. The scope of the inspections performed includes occupational radiation protection, the management of internal events, monitoring and maintenance of the production equipment, inspection of the surveillance and control systems and the gaseous discharge !ɵƬǼȒɎȸȒȇɀ ƬɵƬǼȒɎȸȒȇ ǣɀ Ə ƳƺɮǣƬƺ ׏ِ ژד ɎȒ ژג ȅƺɎȸƺɀ ǣȇ ƳǣƏȅƺɎƺȸً belonging to the circular particle accelerator family. The accelerated particles are mainly protons, with ƺȇƺȸǕɵ ǼƺɮƺǼɀ Ȓǔ ɖȵ ɎȒ ו ׎ ژ xƺàِ ƬɵƬǼȒɎȸȒȇ ƬȒȇɀǣɀɎɀ Ȓǔ two circular electromagnets between which there is a magnetic field and an electrical field, allowing the rotation of the particles and their acceleration at each revolution. The accelerated particles strike a target which is activated and produces radionuclides. Low and medium energy cyclotrons are primarily used in research and in the pharmaceutical industry to produce ȵȒɀǣɎȸȒȇ ƺȅǣɎɎǣȇǕ ǣɀȒɎȒȵƺɀً ɀɖƬǝ Əɀ ǔǼɖȒȸǣȇƺ ٮ ׏ ژז Ȓȸ ƬƏȸƫȒȇ ٮ ׏׏ِ The radionuclides are then combined with molecules of varying complexity to form radiopharmaceuticals used in medical imaging. The best known of them is 18 F-FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose marked by fluorine-18), which is an industrially manufactured injectable drug, commonly used for early diagnosis of certain cancers. Other radiopharmaceutical drugs manufactured from ǔǼɖȒȸǣȇƺ ٮ ׏ ژז ǝƏɮƺ ƏǼɀȒ ƫƺƺȇ ƳƺɮƺǼȒȵƺƳ ǣȇ ȸƺƬƺȇɎ ɵƺƏȸɀً such as 18 F-Choline, 18 F-Na, 18 F-DOPA, along with other radiopharmaceuticals for exploring the brain. To a lesser extent, the other positron emitters that can be manufactured with a cyclotron of an equivalent energy range to that necessary for the production of ǔǼɖȒȸǣȇƺ ٮ ׏ ژז ƏȇƳ ƬƏȸƫȒȇ ٮ ׏׏ ژ Əȸƺ ȒɴɵǕƺȇ ٮ ׏ ژד ƏȇƳ ȇǣɎȸȒǕƺȇ ٮ ׏ ב ِ The approximate levels of activities involved for the ǔǼɖȒȸǣȇƺ ٮ ׏ ژז ɖɀɖƏǼǼɵ ǔȒɖȇƳ ǣȇ ȵǝƏȸȅƏƬƺɖɎǣƬƏǼ ǔƏƬǣǼǣɎǣƺɀ ɮƏȸɵ ǔȸȒȅ ב ׎ ژ ɎȒ ד ׎׎ ژ J ȷ ٢ǕǣǕƏƫƺƬȷɖƺȸƺǼɀ٣ ȵƺȸ production batch. The positron emitting radionuclides produced for research purposes involve activities that are usually limited to a few tens of GBq. Semi-cylindrical D-shaped hollow electrodes xƏǕȇƺɎǣƬ ˡƺǼƳ generated by two electromagnets Progressively accelerated particles 0ǼƺƬɎȸǣƬ ˡƺǼƳ AC voltage generator Beam extraction channel Isotopes transferred and then used ǣȇ ژ ɀǝǣƺǼƳƺƳ ƬƺǼǼɀ Target in which the isotopes are generated Source of electrically charged particles Electromagnet Semi-cylindrical hollow electrode Simplified diagram of the operation of a cyclotron 252 ASN Report on the state of nuclear safety and radiation protection in France in 2019 ׎ ٲ ז SOURCES OF IONISING RADIATION AND THEIR INDUSTRIAL, VETERINARY AND RESEARCH APPLICATIONS