Abstracts ASN Report 2019

א ِ ב ِ א Áɵȵƺ ȵƏƬǸƏǕƺɀ ƏȇƳ ǣȇƳɖɀɎȸǣƏǼ ȵƏƬǸƏǕƺɀ ƬȒȇɎƏǣȇǣȇǕ ȇȒȇ ٮ ǔǣɀɀǣǼƺ ɀɖƫɀɎƏȇƬƺɀ Type A packages can, for example, be used to transport radionuclides for medical purposes commonly used in nuclear medicine departments, such as technetium generators. The total activity which can be contained in a type A package is limited by the regulations. Type A packages must be designed to withstand incidents which could be encountered during transportation or during handling or storage operations (small impacts, package stacking, fall of a sharp object onto the packages, exposure to rain). These situations are simulated by the following tests: Ҋ ĸŋŃłņňŅĸ Ňł Ĵ ņĸʼnĸŅĸ ņŇłŅŀ ҎŅĴļŁĹĴĿĿ ŅĸĴĶĻļŁĺ ӈĶŀѼĻłňŅ ĹłŅ ĴŇ ĿĸĴņŇ ӄׇĻłňŅҏђ Ҋ drop test onto an unyielding surface from a height varying ĴĶĶłŅķļŁĺ Ňł ŇĻĸ ŀĴņņ łĹ ŇĻĸ ŃĴĶľĴĺĸ ҎŀĴŋļŀňŀ ӄєӅӃŀҏђ Ҋ ĶłŀŃŅĸņņļłŁ ĸńňļʼnĴĿĸŁŇ Ňł ӈׇŇļŀĸņ ŇĻĸ ŊĸļĺĻŇ łĹ ŇĻĸ ŃĴĶľĴĺĸђ Ҋ penetration by dropping a standard bar onto the package from Ĵ ĻĸļĺĻŇ łĹ ӄŀє Additional tests are required if the content of the package is in liquid or gaseous form. Industrial packages allow the transportation of material with a low specific activity, or objects with limited surface contamination. Uranium-bearing materials extracted from foreign uranium ŀļŁĸņ ĴŅĸё ĹłŅ ĸŋĴŀŃĿĸё ĶĴŅŅļĸķ ļŁ ŅĴŁĶĸ ļŁ ļŁķňņŇŅļĴĿ ķŅňŀņ ŊļŇĻ Ĵ ĶĴŃĴĶļŇŌ łĹ ӅӃӃׇĿļŇŅĸņ ĿłĴķĸķ ļŁŇł ļŁķňņŇŅļĴĿ ŃĴĶľĴĺĸņє Three sub-categories of industrial packages exist according to ŇĻĸ ĻĴōĴŅķņ ŃŅĸņĸŁŇĸķ ĵŌ ŇĻĸ ĶłŁŇĸŁŇє ĸŃĸŁķļŁĺ łŁ ŇĻĸļŅ ņňĵі category, the industrial packages are subjected to the same tests as type A packages, some of the tests or only the general provisions applicable to excepted packages. As a result of the restrictions on the authorised contents, the consequences of the destruction of a type A package or an industrial package would remain manageable, provided that appropriate accident management measures are taken. The regulations do not therefore require that this type of package be able to withstand a severe accident. Due to the limited safety implications, type A and industrial packages are not subject to ASN approval: the design of the packages and the performance of the tests are the responsibility of the manufacturer. These packages and their safety case files are subject to spot checks during the ASN inspections. א ِ ב ِ ב Áɵȵƺ ȵƏƬǸƏǕƺɀ ƏȇƳ ȵƏƬǸƏǕƺɀ ƬȒȇɎƏǣȇǣȇǕ ǔǣɀɀǣǼƺ ɀɖƫɀɎƏȇƬƺɀ Type B packages are those used to transport the most radioactive substances, such as spent fuel or vitrified high-level nuclear waste. The packages containing fissile substances are industrial, A or B type packages, which are also designed to carry materials ĶłŁŇĴļŁļŁĺ ňŅĴŁļňŀіӅӆӈׇłŅ ŃĿňŇłŁļňŀ ĴŁķ ŊĻļĶĻ ĶĴŁ ŇĻňņ ĿĸĴķ to the start of an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction. These packages are essentially for the nuclear industry. Gamma industrial radiography devices also fall into the type B package category. Given the high level of risk presented by these packages, the regulations require that they must be designed so that, including in the case of a severe transport accident, they maintain their ability to confine the radioactive substances and ensure radiological protection (for type B packages) as well as sub- criticality (for packages containing fissile materials). The accident conditions are simulated by the following tests: Ҋ ӌŀ ķŅłŃ ŇĸņŇ łŁŇł ĴŁ ňŁŌļĸĿķļŁĺ ŇĴŅĺĸŇє Ļĸ ĹĴĶŇ ŇĻĴŇ ŇĻĸ target is unyielding means that all the energy from the fall is absorbed by the package, which is highly penalising. If a heavy package actually falls onto real ground, the ground will ķĸĹłŅŀ ĴŁķ ŇĻňņ ĴĵņłŅĵ Ĵ ŃĴŅŇ łĹ ŇĻĸ ĸŁĸŅĺŌє ӌŀ ķŅłŃ łŁŇł an unyielding target can thus correspond to a fall from a far greater height onto real ground. This test can also be used to simulate the case of the vehicle colliding with an obstacle. ňŅļŁĺ ŇĻĸ ӌŀ ĹŅĸĸіĹĴĿĿ ŇĸņŇё ŇĻĸ ŃĴĶľĴĺĸ ŅĸĴĶĻĸņ ŇĻĸ ŇĴŅĺĸŇ ĴŇ about 50 km/h. However, this corresponds to a real impact at far greater speed because, in reality, the vehicle and obstacle would both absorb a part of the energy. Ҋ A penetration test: the package is released from a height of 1m onto a metal spike. The aim is to simulate the package being damaged by perforating objects (for example, debris torn off a vehicle in the event of an accident). Ҋ ĹļŅĸ ŇĸņŇ ĴŇ ӋӃӃխ ĹłŅ ӆӃ ŀļŁňŇĸņє Ļļņ ŇĸņŇ ņļŀňĿĴŇĸņ ŇĻĸ ĹĴĶŇ that the vehicle can catch fire after an accident. Ҋ Ł ļŀŀĸŅņļłŁ ŇĸņŇ ňŁķĸŅ ӄӈŀ łĹ ŊĴŇĸŅ ĹłŅ ӋׇĻłňŅņє Ļļņ ŇĸņŇ ļņ used to verify the pressure-resistance if the package were to fall into water (river by the side of the road or port during offloading from a ship). Certain type B packages must also undergo a more severe immersion test, which involves immersion under 200m of water for one hour. The first three tests (drop, penetration and fire test) must be performed in sequence on the same package specimen. They must be performed in the most penalising configuration (package orientation, ambient temperature, position of content, etc.). The type B package models and those containing fissile sub- stances must be approved by ASN or, in certain cases, by a competent foreign Authority, before they can be allowed to travel. To obtain this approval, the designer of the package model must demonstrate the ability to withstand the above-mentioned tests in the safety case provided to ASN. This demonstration is usually provided by means of tests on a reduced-scale mock-up representing the package and by numerical calculations (to simulate the mechanical and thermal behaviour, or to evaluate the criticality risk). א ِ ב ِ ג ¨ƏƬǸƏǕƺɀ ƬȒȇɎƏǣȇǣȇǕ ɖȸƏȇǣɖȅ ǝƺɴƏǔǼɖȒȸǣƳƺ ŅĴŁļňŀ ĻĸŋĴĹĿňłŅļķĸ Ҏ 6 ) is used in the fuel cycle. This is the ĹłŅŀ ļŁ ŊĻļĶĻ ŇĻĸ ňŅĴŁļňŀ ļņ ĸŁŅļĶĻĸķє 6 ׇĶĴŁ ŇĻňņ ĵĸ ŁĴŇňŅĴĿ (i.e. formed from natural uranium), enriched (i.e. with an isotopic composition enriched in uranium-235), or depleted. Apart from the dangers arising from its radioactivity, or even its ĹļņņļĿĸ ŁĴŇňŅĸё 6 ׇĴĿņł ŃŅĸņĸŁŇņ Ĵ ņļĺŁļĹļĶĴŁŇ ĶĻĸŀļĶĴĿ Ņļņľє Ļĸ regulations thus set out particular prescriptions for packages of 6 є ĻĸŌ ŀňņŇ ŀĸĸŇ ŇĻĸ ŅĸńňļŅĸŀĸŁŇņ łĹ ņŇĴŁķĴŅķ ׇӊӄӌӈё which governs the design, manufacture and utilisation of packages. These packages are also subject to three tests: Ҋ Ĵ ĹŅĸĸіķŅłŃ ŇĸņŇ łĹ ĵĸŇŊĸĸŁ ӃєӆׇĴŁķ ӄєӅ ŀĸŇŅĸņ ҎķĸŃĸŁķļŁĺ łŁ the mass of the package) onto an unyielding target; Ҋ Ĵ ŇĻĸŅŀĴĿ ŇĸņŇё ŊļŇĻ ĴŁ ӋӃӃխ ĹļŅĸ ĹłŅ ӆӃ ŀļŁňŇĸņђ Ҋ Ĵ ĻŌķŅłņŇĴŇļĶ ŅĸņļņŇĴŁĶĸ ŇĸņŇ ĴŇ ӅӊєӉׇĵĴŅє ĴĶľĴĺĸņ ĶłŁŇĴļŁļŁĺ ĸŁŅļĶĻĸķё ĴŁķ ŇĻĸŅĸĹłŅĸ ĹļņņļĿĸ 6 , are also subject to the prescriptions previously presented (see point 2.3.3). Ļĸ 6 ׇļņ ŇŅĴŁņŃłŅŇĸķ ļŁ ŇŌŃĸ ӇӋ! łŅ ӆӃ ŀĸŇĴĿ ĶŌĿļŁķĸŅņє Ł ŇĻĸ ĶĴņĸ łĹ ĸŁŅļĶĻĸķ 6 , this cylinder is transported within a protective shell, which provides the necessary protection for withstanding the tests applicable to packages containing fissile ŀĴŇĸŅļĴĿņє Ļĸ ŃĴĶľĴĺĸ ŀłķĸĿņ ĶłŁŇĴļŁļŁĺ 6 ׇŀňņŇ ĴĿņł ĵĸ approved by ASN or a competent foreign Authority, before they can be allowed to travel. ASN Report on the state of nuclear safety and radiation protection in France in 2019 261 ׎ ٲ ח TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES 09