Abstracts ASN Report 2019

appearance in the event of human intrusion after loss of the memory of a disposal facility. This dual constraint therefore limits the types of sources that can be accepted in disposal facilities, especially surface facilities. ׏ِ׏ِ ב xƏȇƏǕƺȅƺȇɎ Ȓǔ ɯƏɀɎƺ ƬȒȇɎƏǣȇǣȇǕ ȇƏɎɖȸƏǼ ȸƏƳǣȒƏƬɎǣɮǣɎɵ Some professional activities using raw materials which naturally contain radionuclides, but which are not used for their radioactive properties, may lead to an increase in specific activity in the products, residues or waste they produce. The term “Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material” (NORM) is used when its ĴĶŇļʼnļŇŌ ĸŋĶĸĸķņ ŇĻĸ ĸŋĸŀŃŇļłŁ ŇĻŅĸņĻłĿķņ ĹļĺňŅļŁĺ ļŁ ĴĵĿĸׇӄ łĹ ŃŃĸŁķļŋ ӄӆіӋׇłĹ ŇĻĸ ňĵĿļĶ ĸĴĿŇĻ łķĸє łŁņĸńňĸŁŇĿŌё NORM waste, for which there is no planned or envisaged use, is now considered as radioactive waste within the meaning of ŅŇļĶĿĸ єׇӈӇӅіӄіӄׇłĹ ŇĻĸ ŁʼnļŅłŁŀĸŁŇ łķĸє ĴņŇĸ ĶłŁŇĴļŁļŁĺ radioactive substances of natural origin but which do not exceed the abovementioned exemption thresholds is directed to conventional waste management routes. NORM waste can be stored in two types of facility depending on its specific activity: Ҋ in a waste disposal facility authorised by Prefectural Order, if the acceptance conditions stipulated in the Circular of Ӆӈׇ ňĿŌ ӅӃӃӉ (3) relative to waste storage facilities, coming under ņĸĶŇļłŁņ ӅӊӉӃׇłĹ ŇĻĸ ŁłŀĸŁĶĿĴŇňŅĸё ĴŅĸ ņĴŇļņĹļĸķђ Ҋ in Cires (4) (Industrial centre for grouping, storage and disposal) intended for the disposal of very low-level (VLL) radioactive waste. Some of this waste is however stored while waiting for a disposal route, in particular the commissioning of a disposal centre for low-level long-lived waste (LLW-LL). łňŅ ĻĴōĴŅķłňņ ŊĴņŇĸ ķļņŃłņĴĿ ĹĴĶļĿļŇļĸņ ĴŅĸ ĴňŇĻłŅļņĸķ ĵŌ Prefectural Order to receive waste containing NORMs. ňŅŇĻĸŅŀłŅĸё ĹłĿĿłŊļŁĺ ŇĻĸ ĸŁŇŅŌ ļŁŇł ĸĹĹĸĶŇ łŁ ӄׇ ňĿŌ ӅӃӄӋׇłĹ ĸĶŅĸĸ ӅӃӄӋіӇӆӇׇłĹ Ӈׇ ňŁĸ ӅӃӄӋׇļŁŇŅłķňĶļŁĺ ʼnĴŅļłňņ ŃŅłʼnļņļłŁņ with regard to nuclear activities, the provisions of the Labour Code relative to the protection of workers against ionising radiation also apply to professional activities involving materials that naturally contain radioactive substances, which include the NORMs. ׏ِ א Áǝƺ ǼƺǕƏǼ ǔȸƏȅƺɯȒȸǸ ǔȒȸ ȸƏƳǣȒƏƬɎǣɮƺ ɯƏɀɎƺ ȅƏȇƏǕƺȅƺȇɎ Radioactive waste management falls within the general waste management framework defined in Book V, Part IV, Chapter I of the Environment Code and its implementing decrees. Particular provisions concerning radioactive waste were introduced ĹļŅņŇ ĵŌ ĶŇ ӌӄіӄӆӋӄׇłĹ ӆӃׇ ĸĶĸŀĵĸŅ ӄӌӌӄׇłŁ ŅĸņĸĴŅĶĻ ļŁŇł the management of radioactive waste, and then by Planning ĶŇ ӅӃӃӉіӊӆӌׇłĹ ӅӋׇ ňŁĸ ӅӃӃӉׇłŁ ņňņŇĴļŁĴĵĿĸ ŀĴŁĴĺĸŀĸŁŇ łĹ radioactive materials and waste, called the “Waste Act”, which gives a legislative framework to the management of all radioactive materials and waste. A large part of the provisions of these Acts are codified in Book V, Part IV, Chapter II of the Environment Code. Ļĸ ĶŇ łĹ ӅӋׇ ňŁĸ ӅӃӃӉׇŀłŅĸ ņŃĸĶļĹļĶĴĿĿŌ ņĸŇņ Ĵ ĶĴĿĸŁķĴŅ ĹłŅ research into high and intermediate-level, long-lived (HL and ӆє ļŅĶňĿĴŅ łĹ Ӆӈׇ ňĿŌ ӅӃӃӉׇŅĸĿĴŇļʼnĸ Ňł ĶĿĴņņļĹļĸķ ļŁņŇĴĿĿĴŇļłŁņ ҂ ĶĶĸŃŇĴŁĶĸ łĹ ŇĸĶĻŁłĿłĺļĶĴĿĿŌ ĸŁĻĴŁĶĸķ łŅ ĶłŁĶĸŁŇŅĴŇĸķ ŁĴŇňŅĴĿ ŅĴķļłĴĶŇļʼnļŇŌ ļŁ ŇĻĸ ŊĴņŇĸ disposal centres. 4. Cires: this name, which stands for “ Centre industriel de regroupement, d’entreposage et de stockage ” (Industrial centre for grouping, storage and ķļņŃłņĴĿҏ ŊĴņ ĺļʼnĸŁ ļŁ ĶŇłĵĸŅ ӅӃӄӅє ĻĸŁ ĶłŀŀļņņļłŁĸķ ļŁ ӅӃӃӆׇļŇ ŊĴņ ĶĴĿĿĸķ ŇĻĸ Ѣ ĸŁŇŅĸ ķĸ ņŇłĶľĴĺĸ ķĸņ ķųĶĻĸŇņ ķĸ ŅŲņ ĴļĵĿĸ ĶŇļʼnļŇų Ҏ ҏ ” Ҏ ĸŅŌ łŊ ĸʼnĸĿ ĴņŇĸ ļņŃłņĴĿ ĴĶļĿļŇŌҏє ŁņŇĴĿĿĴŇļłŁ ņňĵĽĸĶŇ Ňł ĿļĶĸŁņļŁĺ ňŁķĸŅ ŇĻĸ ņŌņŇĸŀ łĹ ņĸĶŇļłŁ ӅӊӌӊׇłĹ ŇĻĸ ņє IL-LL) waste and a clear legal framework for ring-fencing the funds needed for decommissioning and for the management of radioactive waste. It also provides for the preparation of the PNGMDR, which aims to carry out a periodic assessment and define the prospects for the radioactive substance management ŃłĿļĶŌє Ň ĴĿņł ĶłŁņłĿļķĴŇĸņ ŇĻĸ ŀļņņļłŁņ łĹ ŁķŅĴё ŇĻĸ ŅĸŁĶĻ ĴŇļłŁĴĿ ĴķļłĴĶŇļʼnĸ ĴņŇĸ ĴŁĴĺĸŀĸŁŇ ĺĸŁĶŌє ļŁĴĿĿŌё ļŇ ŃŅłĻļĵļŇņ ŇĻĸ ķļņŃłņĴĿ ļŁ ŅĴŁĶĸ łĹ ĹłŅĸļĺŁ ŊĴņŇĸ ĵŌ ŃŅłʼnļķļŁĺ for the adoption of rules specifying the conditions for the return łĹ ŊĴņŇĸ ŅĸņňĿŇļŁĺ ĹŅłŀ ŇĻĸ ŅĸŃŅłĶĸņņļŁĺ ļŁ ŅĴŁĶĸ łĹ ņŃĸŁŇ ĹňĸĿ and waste from abroad. Ļļņ ĹŅĴŀĸŊłŅľ ŊĴņ ĴŀĸŁķĸķ ļŁ ӅӃӄӉׇŊļŇĻ ŇĻĸ ŃňĵĿļĶĴŇļłŁ łĹ ŇĻĸ ŅķļŁĴŁĶĸ ӅӃӄӉіӄӅӋׇłĹ ӄӃׇ ĸĵŅňĴŅŌ ӅӃӄӉׇļŁŇŅłķňĶļŁĺ various provisions with regard to nuclear activities which made it possible to: Ҋ ŇŅĴŁņŃłņĸ łňŁĶļĿ ļŅĸĶŇļʼnĸ ӅӃӄӄѼӊӃѼ ňŅĴŇłŀ łĹ ӄӌׇ ňĿŌׇӅӃӄӄ establishing a European community framework for the responsible and safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste, while reasserting the prohibition on the disposal in ŅĴŁĶĸ łĹ ŅĴķļłĴĶŇļʼnĸ ŊĴņŇĸ ĹŅłŀ ĹłŅĸļĺŁ ĶłňŁŇŅļĸņ ĴŁķ łĹ radioactive waste resulting from the reprocessing of spent fuel and the treatment of radioactive waste from abroad, and detailing the conditions of application of this prohibition; Ҋ define a procedure for the administrative authority to requalify materials as radioactive waste; Ҋ reinforce the existing administrative and penal enforcement actions and provide for new enforcement actions in the event of failure to comply with the provisions applicable to the management of radioactive waste and spent fuel. The conditions for creating a reversible deep geological repository for high-level and intermediate-level long-lived radioactive waste ĴŅĸ ķĸŇĴļĿĸķ ļŁ ĶŇ ӅӃӄӉіӄӃӄӈׇłĹ Ӆӈׇ ňĿŌ ӅӃӄӉє ׏ِ א ِ׏ nƺǕƏǼ ǔȸƏȅƺɯȒȸǸ ǔȒȸ Ɏǝƺ ȅƏȇƏǕƺȅƺȇɎ Ȓǔ ȸƏƳǣȒƏƬɎǣɮƺ ɯƏɀɎƺ ȵȸȒƳɖƬƺƳ ǣȇ ƏɀǣƬ zɖƬǼƺƏȸ XȇɀɎƏǼǼƏɎǣȒȇɀ Ł ŅĴŁĶĸё ŇĻĸ ŀĴŁĴĺĸŀĸŁŇ łĹ ŅĴķļłĴĶŇļʼnĸ ŊĴņŇĸ ļŁ ņ ļņ ĺłʼnĸŅŁĸķ ļŁ ŃĴŅŇļĶňĿĴŅ ĵŌ ŇĻĸ ŅķĸŅ łĹ ӊׇ ĸĵŅňĴŅŌ ӅӃӄӅׇņĸŇŇļŁĺ the general rules relative to BNIs, of which Part VI concerns waste management. ĿļĶĸŁņĸĸņ ĸņŇĴĵĿļņĻ Ĵ ŊĴņŇĸ ōłŁļŁĺ ŃĿĴŁ ŊĻļĶĻ ļķĸŁŇļĹļĸņ ŇĻĸ ōłŁĸņ ļŁ ŊĻļĶĻ ŇĻĸ ŊĴņŇĸ ŃŅłķňĶĸķ ļņ łŅ ĶłňĿķ ĵĸ ĶłŁŇĴŀļŁĴŇĸķ or activated. As a protective measure, the waste produced in ŇĻĸņĸ ōłŁĸņ ļņ ŀĴŁĴĺĸķ Ĵņ ļĹ ļŇ ŊĸŅĸ ŅĴķļłĴĶŇļʼnĸ ĴŁķ ŀňņŇ ĵĸ directed to dedicated routes. This absence of release thresholds ĹłŅ ŊĴņŇĸ ĶłŀļŁĺ ĹŅłŀ Ĵ ōłŁĸ ļŁ ŊĻļĶĻ ŇĻĸ ŊĴņŇĸ ļņ łŅ ĶłňĿķ be contaminated or activated, constitutes a particularity of the ŅĸŁĶĻ ŅĸĺňĿĴŇļłŁņє ĴņŇĸ ĹŅłŀ łŇĻĸŅ ĴŅĸĴņё łŁĶĸ ĶłŁĹļŅŀĸķ as being free of radioactivity, is sent to authorised routes for ŇĻĸ ŀĴŁĴĺĸŀĸŁŇ łĹ ĻĴōĴŅķłňņё ŁłŁіĻĴōĴŅķłňņ łŅ ļŁĸŅŇ ŊĴņŇĸё depending on its properties. The regulations also oblige licensees to present the wastes produced by the facility, whether radioactive or not, indicating the volumes, types, harmfulness and the envisaged disposal routes. The measures adopted by the licensees must consist in reducing the volume and the radiological, chemical or biological toxicity of the waste produced by recycling and treatment processes, so that only the ultimate waste has to go to final disposal. 350 ASN Report on the state of nuclear safety and radiation protection in France in 2019 ׏ ٲ ג RADIOACTIVE WASTE AND CONTAMINATED SITES AND SOILS