ASN Report 2020

next 20 years. The CEA, EDF and Orano have also studied, within this context, how sensitive the storage needs are to shifts in the Cigéo schedule. In its opinion 2020-AV-0369 of 1 December 2020, ASN considers in this respect that the dates at which existing storage facilities will reach maximum capacity and the future storage needs for the next 20 years have on the whole been identified by the producers. Nevertheless, the storage capacity estimates must be consolidated by all the waste producers, integrating margins to cope with any contingencies affecting the waste management routes concerned and thereby be able to anticipate the needs for additional storage capacities and the corresponding licensing authorisation procedures. Article 52 of the Order of 23 February 2017 requires Andra to substantiate the reasons that led it to reject the option of designing near-surface storage facilities. In response to this requirement, in 2018 Andra submitted a comparative study of the different types of storage it has studied. This analysis does not show a near-surface facility to have a decisive advantage with respect to an above-ground facility in terms of nuclear safety. In its opinion 2020-AV‑0369 of 1 December 2020, ASN considers that near-surface storage facilities do not have a decisive advantage over above-ground storage facilities with regard to nuclear safety and radiation protection. The PNGMDR 2016-2018 sets out several guidelines for the design of HL and ILW-LL waste storage facilities (significant design margins, simple and modular architecture, preference to passive systems, provisions for controlling the ambient storage conditions in normal, incident and accident situations, provisions for monitoring and surveillance and deviation management defined at the design stage, provisions for preserving the memory, etc.). ASN will be attentive to the integration of these recommendations in the new facilities that will be necessary pending commissioning of Cigéo . Reversible deep geological disposal Deep geological disposal is called out by Article L. 542-1-2 of the Environment Code, which stipulates that “ after storage, ultimate radioactive waste which, for nuclear safety or radiation protection reasons, cannot be disposed of on the surface or at shallow depth, shall be disposed of in a deep geological repository ”. The Act of 28 June 2006 assigns Andra the task of devising a project for a deep geological disposal facility which shall be a BNI, governed by the regulations specific to this type of installation, and as such shall be subject to ASN oversight. The principle of this type of disposal Deep geological disposal of radioactive waste consists in emplacing the radioactive waste in an underground facility specially designed for this purpose, complying with the principle of reversibility. The characteristics of the geological layer are intended to confine the radioactive substances contained in this waste. Such a disposal facility – unlike storage facilities – must be designed such that long-term safety is ensured passively, that is to say without depending on human actions (such as monitoring or maintenance activities) which require oversight, the durability of which cannot be guaranteed beyond a limited period of time. Lastly, the depth of the disposal structures must be such that they cannot be significantly affected by the expected external natural phenomena (erosion, climate change, earthquakes, etc.) or by human activities. In 1991, ASN published Basic Safety Rule RFS III-2-f defining the objectives to be set in the design and works phases for final disposal of radioactive waste in deep geological formations, in order to ensure safety after the operational life of the repository. In 2008 it published an update of this document in the form of a safety Guide relative to radioactive waste disposal in deep geological formations (ASN Guide No. 1). The conditions of creation of a reversible deep geological repository for HL and ILW-LL radioactive waste were specified by the Act of 25 July 2016, which defines the principle of reversibility, introduces the industrial pilot phase before complete com­ missioning of Cigéo and brings schedule adaptations concerning the deployment of Cigéo . This Act defines reversibility as “ the ability, for successive gener­ ations, to either continue the construction and then the operation of successive sections of a disposal facility, or to reassess previous choices and change the management solutions. Reversibility is materialised by the progressive nature of the construction, the adaptability of the design and the operational flexibility of placing radioactive waste in a deep geological repository which can integrate technological progress and adapt to possible changes in waste inventory following a change in energy policy. It includes the possibility of retrieving waste packages from the repository under conditions and during a period of time that are consistent with the operating strategy and the closure of the repository ”. In its opinion 2016-AV-0267 of 31 May 2016 relative to the reversi­ bility of the deep geological disposal of radioactive waste, ASN had considered that the principle of reversibility implied a requirement for adaptability of the facility and retrievability of the packages during a period governed by law. The Decree of 23 February 2017 relative to the provisions of the PNGMDR details certain principles applicable to Cigéo , and more particularly in Articles D. 542-88 to D. 542-96 of the Environment Code. Article D. 542-90 stipulates in particular that: “ The inventory to be considered by the French National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (Andra) for the studies and research conducted for the design of the repository provided for in Article L. 542‑10-1 shall comprise a reference inventory and a reserve inventory. The reserve inventory shall take into account the uncertainties associated more specifically with putting in place new waste management routes or changes in energy policy. The repository shall be designed to accommodate the waste of the reference inventory. It shall also be designed by Andra, in consultation with the owners of the substances of the reserve inventory, to be capable of accommodating the substances figuring in that inventory, provided that changes in its design can be implemented if necessary during operation of the repository at an economically acceptable cost ”. Underground laboratory of Meuse/Haute-Marne Studies on deep geological disposal necessitate research and experiments in an underground laboratory. Andra has been operating such an underground laboratory within the Bure municipality since 1999. In the context of the studies on the deep geological disposal, ASN issues recommendations concerning the research and experiments conducted in the laboratory, and ascertains by random sampling during follow-up inspections, that they are carried out using processes that guarantee the quality of the results. Technical instructions Pursuant to the Act of 30 December 1991, and then pursuant to the Act of 28 June 2006 and the PNGMDR, Andra has carried out studies and submitted reports on deep geological disposal. These studies and reports have been examined by ASN – referring in particular to the Safety Guide of 2008 – and it has issued an opinion on them. ASN has thus more specifically examined the reports submitted by Andra in 2005 and 2009. It issued opinions on these reports on 1 February 2006 and 26 July 2011. Andra subsequently submitted ASN Report on the state of nuclear safety and radiation protection in France in 2020 363 14 – RADIOACTIVE WASTE AND CONTAMINATED SITES AND SOILS 14