Legacy situations, such as atmospheric nuclear tests and the Chernobyl accident (Ukraine), can make a marginal contribution to population exposure. Thus, the exposure due to fall-out from nuclear tests is currently estimated at 2.3 μSv/year in metropolitan France (1.3 μSv/year for strontium-90 and 1 μSv/year for carbon-14; exposure linked to caesium-137 cannot be distinguished from that due to fall-out from the Chernobyl accident). The overall exposure due to fall-out from nuclear tests and the Chernobyl accident is 46 μSv/year for people living in areas of high persistence of this fall-out and 9.3 μSv/year for people over the rest of the country, that is to say an average dose per inhabitant of 12 μSv/year for the country as a whole (IRSN 2021). With regard to the fall-out in France from the Fukushima Daiichi accident (Japan), the results published for France by IRSN in 2011 show the presence of radioactive iodine at very low levels, resulting in estimated effective doses for the populations of less than 2 μSv/year in 2011. 3.2.2 Exposure of the population to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials Exposure due to natural radioactivity in drinking water The results of the monitoring of the radiological quality of the tap water distributed to consumers carried out by the Regional Health Agencies (ARS) between 2008 and 2009 (DGS/ASN/IRSN report published in 2011) showed that 99.83% of the population TABLE Monitoring of external exposure of workers in the civil nuclear field (year 2022) NUMBER OF PERSONS MONITORED COLLECTIVE DOSE (man-Sv (*)) INDIVIDUAL DOSE > 20 mSv Reactors and energy production (EDF) 24,387 6.59 0 "Fuel cycle"; decommissioning 12,640 4.01 0 Transport 583 0.062 0 Logistics and maintenance (contractors) 33,577 30.84 0 Effluents, waste 738 0.11 0 Others 7,995 1.44 0 Total civil nuclear 79,920 43.055 0 *Man-Sv: unit of quantity of collective dose. For information, the collective dose is the sum of the individual doses received by a given group of persons. (Source : Worker radiation protection: occupational exposure to ionising radiation in France – IRSN report 2022) TABLE Monitoring of external exposure of workers in small-scale nuclear activities (year 2022) NUMBER OF PERSONS MONITORED COLLECTIVE DOSE (man-Sv (*)) INDIVIDUAL DOSE > 20 mSv Medicine 159,799 8.18 4 (1) Dental 44,815 1.42 0 Veterinary 24,946 0.49 0 Industry 15,887 2.84 1 (2) Research and education 10,261 0.38 1 Natural (**) 21,829 29.32 0 Total small-scale nuclear activities 277,537 42.63 6 (1) Three of these cases were retained by default, as the occupational physician gave no feedback on the conclusions of the investigation. (2) This case was retained by default, as the occupational physician gave no feedback. * Man-Sv: unit of quantity of collective dose. ** “Natural” covers flight crew and workers exposed to natural radionuclides of the uranium and thorium decay chains. (Source: Worker radiation protection: occupational exposure to ionising radiation in France – IRSN report 2022) TABLE Development of number of persons monitored and average collective and individual doses in the exposed population from 2015 to 2022 (*) in all areas combined (A) and in the “natural” area (B) YEAR NUMBER OF PERSONS MONITORED COLLECTIVE DOSE (man-Sv (*)) AVERAGE INDIVIDUAL DOSE (mSv) (A) (B) (A) (B) (A) (B) 2015 (*) 372,881 352,641 104.41 65.61 0.98 0.76 2016 (*) 378,304 357,527 107.53 66.71 0.96 0.73 2017 384,198 360,694 100.58 53.52 1.03 0.72 2018 390,363 365,980 104.14 55.24 1.12 0.80 2019 395,040 369,712 112.31 58.73 1.20 0.85 2020 387,452 364,614 72.43 49.97 0.78 0.71 2021 392,180 370,756 82.71 60.09 0.85 0.78 2022 386,080 363,595 88.43 59.01 0.90 0.77 * For comparison purposes, the results for 2015 and 2016 have been retroactively reassessed applying the new methodological approach. (Source: Worker radiation protection: occupational exposure to ionising radiation in France, IRSN 2022 report, June 2023) 1 2 3 110 ASN Report on the state of nuclear safety and radiation protection in France in 2023 • 01 • Nuclear activities: ionising radiation and health and environmental risks
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