∙The sources generally used are americium-241 (with an activity of 1.7 GBq) or caesium-137 – barium-137m (with an activity of 37 MBq), as the case may be. ∙Density measurement and weighing: the principle is the same as for the above two measurements. The sources used are generally americium-241 (with an activity of 2 GBq), caesium-137 – barium-137m (with an activity of 100 MBq) or cobalt-60 (with an activity of 30 GBq). ∙Soil density and humidity measurement (gammadensimetry), particularly in agriculture and public works. These devices function with a source of caesium-137 and a pair of americium‑beryllium sources. ∙Diagraphy (logging), which enables the geological properties of the subsoil to be examined by inserting a measurement probe containing a source of cobalt-60, caesium-137, americium-241 or californium-252. Some sources used are high- activity sealed sources. USE OF SEALED RADIOACTIVE SOURCES BY END‑PURPOSE GRAPH 1A Breakdown of licences or registrations for sealed radioactive sources 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 X-ray fluorescence analysis 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Calibration Density measurement and weighing Thickness measurement Atmospheric dust measurement Thickness ofthin layers Level measurement Paper weight measurement Humidity and density Logging Elimination of static electricity Teaching Analysis Research Chromatography Electron capture detectors Gamma radiography Implementation of neutron sources 45 28 29 18 24 48 83 48 27 58 34 54 10 4 21 27 256 7 7 8 8 11 113 64 43 74 92 70 38 Number of facilities licensed or registered 2020 Licences 2021 Licences 2022 Licences 2023 Licences 2024 Licences 2021 Registrations 2022 Registrations 2023 Registrations 2024 Registrations GRAPH 1B Breakdown of sealed radioactive source notifications 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 Number of facilities with a notification acknowledgement Atmospheric dust measurement Elimination of static electricity Smoke detectors Calibration Teaching Chromatography Electron capture detectors X-ray fluorescence analysis Electronic tubes with pre-ionisation 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 250 ASN Report on the state of nuclear safety and radiation protection in France in 2024 Sources of ionising radiation and their industrial, veterinary and research applications
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