DGSNR (General Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection) – Created by Decree 2002-255 of 22 February 2002, the DGSNR took over the activities of the Nuclear Installations Safety Directorate (DSIN), the radiation office of the General Directorate for Health (DGS), part of the Office for Protection against Ionising Radiation (OPRI) and the Interministerial Commission on Artificial Radioelements (CIREA). The DGSNR reports to three Ministries: Environment, Industry and Health. It prepares, proposes and implements the government's policy with respect to nuclear safety, with the exception of things concerning defence-related nuclear facilities and activities and radiation protection. DSIN (Nuclear Installations Safety Directorate) – Entity created in 1991, replacing the Nuclear Installations Central Safety Service (SCSIN), in line with the process to reinforce the oversight of nuclear safety in France. The DSIN was replaced by decree in 2002 by the General Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection (DGSNR). ECS ( Évaluations Complémentaires de Sûreté or “Complementary safety assessments”, the term used by the French for the stress tests, which they applied with more stringent standards than required by Europe) – Inspection plan decided after the Fukushima Daiichi NPS accident (Japan) in 2011 for the French nuclear facilities, involving an in-depth examination of each facility. EDF ( Électricité de France – French Electric Utility) – Licensee of the French nuclear power fleet, producing electricity, ensuring the operation and maintenance of its power plants, and distributing the electricity. EPR (European Power Reactor) – New type of nuclear reactor incorporating numerous improvements in terms of safety, fuel use and reduced operating costs. FARN (Nuclear Rapid Intervention Force) Organisation set up further to the lessons learned from the Fukushima Daiichi NPP accident (Japan) of 11 March 2011. It provides external support to sites in difficulty. Its aim is to intervene in the areas of operational control, maintenance and logistics on a site in a severe accident situation, to restore water and electricity supplies in less than 24 hours, with the start of intervention within 12 hours, in order to: – limit the deterioration of the situation; – avoid core meltdown if possible. Fast neutron reactor – Designed to use fissile material (uranium and plutonium) as the nuclear fuel, more completely than in the thermal-neutron reactors. The cooling fluid can be a liquid metal such as sodium or helium. It has the advantage of being able to produce fissile material (breeder reactor) or, on the contrary, incinerate long-lived waste (actinides). HCTISN (High Committee for Transparency and Information on Nuclear Security) An independent body created by the Act of 13 June 2006, the HCTISN is the cornerstone of the nuclear security transparency to which the public are entitled. The HCTISN is a pluralistic body comprising all the stakeholders of the world, in all its diversity: nuclear facility licensees, the French nuclear regulator (ASN), the French Institute of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), State services, Local Information Committees (CLI), associations, syndicates, parliamentarians and qualified personalities. INCa (French National Cancer Institute) State health and scientific agency tasked with coordinating the actions to fight cancer. Created by the Public Health Act of 9 August 2004, INCa is placed under the joint authority of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health and the Ministry of Higher Education and Research. INES [scale] – (International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale) – Following the Chernobyl NPP accident in 1986 (Ukraine), and in order to help the public and the media understand the severity of a nuclear incident or accident immediately, a scale of severity was created, similar to the Richter scale which indicates the intensity of earthquakes. Used internationally since 1991, the INES scale comprises 8 levels from 0 to 7. Levels 1 to 3 correspond to “incidents and levels 4 to 7 to “accidents”. The INES scale applies to any event occurring in the civil and military Basic Nuclear Installations (BNIs), and in the transport of nuclear materials. Application of the INES scale to BNIs is based on three classification criteria: • the consequences of the event outside the site, that is to say the radioactive releases which can affect the public and the environment; • the consequences of the event within the site, which can affect the workers and the installation itself; • the deterioration of the installation's lines of “defence in depth”, that is to say the successive means of protection (safety systems, procedures, technical controls, etc.) put in place within the installation in order to mitigate the effects of an incident or accident and to guarantee containment of the radioactivity. IPSN (French Institute for Nuclear Safety and Protection) – Institute created in 1976 (by combining the CEA's Risk Control Department and the Nuclear Installations Central Safety Service – SCSIN), the IPSN is tasked with conducting nuclear safety studies. Providing technical support to the SCSIN of the Ministry of Industry, it became the Institute for Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) in 2002 when it merged with the Office for Protection against Ionising Radiation (OPRI). IRRS [missions] – (Integrated Regulatory Review Service) – The IRRS missions of the IAEA are designed to improve and reinforce the efficiency of national nuclear regulatory frameworks, while recognising the ultimate responsibility of each State to ensure safety in this field. These missions take account of regulatory, technical and strategic aspects, make comparisons with IAEA Safety Standards and, as applicable, take account of best practices observed in other countries. These audits are the result of the European Nuclear Safety Directive which requires a peer review mission every ten years. IRSN (Institute of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety) – Founded in 2002 further to the merging of the Institute for Nuclear Safety and Protection (OPRI) and the Office for Protection against Ionising Radiation (OPRI), IRSN is a public institution of an industrial and commercial nature which functions under the joint authority of the Ministries responsible for Defence, the Environment, Industry, Research and Health, and Labour. IRSN provides ASN, the French nuclear regulator, with technical expertise. ••• 34 • Les cahiers Histoire de l’ASN • November 2023
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