Germany Germany intends to create a deep geological repository for HLW waste. Potential sites are currently being identified. The siting choice is envisaged for 2031, with commissioning as of 2050. For LLW/ILW, disposal is planned on the Konrad site (former iron mine) at a depth of 800 metres. Construction started in 2023 with commissioning scheduled for 2030. Finland Finland is the first country to have authorised the construction of a deep geological repository (in granite rock) for HLW waste and spent fuel. The repository is built as an extension to a research laboratory situated at a depth of 400 metres, in Olkiluoto. Commissioning is scheduled for 2025. Since the 1990s, Finland has also had near-surface disposal facilities (between 60 and 110 metres) for LLW/ILW waste on its two nuclear sites (Olkiluoto and Loviisa). Russia An underground laboratory for evaluating the feasibility of a deep geological repository for HLW and ILW-LL waste is under construction in the granite formation of Nijnekanski, in the Krasnoyarsk region of Siberia. This site should also house the future HLW and ILW-LL waste repository, the construction of which could be decided in about 2025. The LLW/ILW waste is also being managed in several disposal facilities. Japan Japan is envisaging a geological repository for HLW waste at a depth of at least 300 metres. Two sites have been identified in principle close to the Tomari NPP on the island of Hokkaido, with commissioning planned as of 2035. Japan also has a disposal facility for LLW waste on the Rokkasho Mura site, in operation since 1995. A subsurface repository is being envisaged for the other LLW waste. Switzerland Switzerland intends to dispose of radioactive waste and spent fuel in a deep geological layer of clay (between 500 and 1,000 metres depth). The Nördlich Lägern site was chosen in 2022. After the statutory procedure, this decision should be ratified by a popular referendum currently scheduled for about 2031. Commissioning is envisaged as of 2050 for the ILW-LL waste and 2060 for the HLW. Radioactive waste • 27
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